如果你看过《神探夏洛克》,一定对其中的“记忆宫殿”(Mind Palace)记忆深刻。实际上它出现在古希腊和古罗马的修辞论文中。【1】维基百科如此描述记忆宫殿:“a strategy for memory enhancement, which uses visualizations of familiar spatial environments in order to enhance the recall of information. ”(一种增强记忆的策略,它利用对熟悉空间环境的视觉化来增强信息的回忆。)与之相似的还有大卫·林奇导演、于2006年上映的电影《内陆帝国》(Inland Empire)。大卫林奇作为冥想的拥趸,其作品展现出一种超现实的、梦幻的逻辑。在这里提到这两者,是因为它们与“无终奇语”展现了相似的气质——梦境般的意象与结构,潜意识,心灵与空间的关系,等等。
让我们先来看看荣格说了什么:“And the essential thing, psychologically, is that in dreams, fantasies, and other exceptional states of mind the most far-fetched mythological motifs and symbols can appear autochthonously at any time, often, apparently, as the result of particular influences, traditions, and excitations working on the individual, but more often without any sign of them. These 'primordial images' or 'archetypes,' as I have called them, belong to the basic stock of the unconscious psyche and cannot be explained as personal acquisitions. Together they make up that psychic stratum which has been called the collective unconscious.”(心理上最重要的是,在梦境、幻想和其他特殊的心理状态中,最离奇的神话主题和符号可以在任何时候自发出现,通常显然是由于特定的影响、传统和对个体的刺激,但更多时候则没有任何迹象。这些我称之为“原始意象”或“原型”的东西,属于无意识心理的基本构成,无法解释为个人的获得。它们共同构成了被称为集体无意识的心理层面。)【3】
这张图来自于Alfred H. Barr Jr.在上世纪30年代中期构思的图表,该图表出现在 1936 年具有里程碑意义的展览“Cubism and Abstract Art.”的目录封面上。可以看到图表结束在1935年,之后有人补充到了更为现代的图表,后面会提及。【2】(注意:这些术语更类似tag而不是分类,有些甚至没有统一的中文翻译,一个艺术作品可能同时受到多种风格的影响,取名只是为了方便解释,不要太过纠结于术语。)
维基百科定义,表现主义的特征是“to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.”(仅从主观视角呈现世界,极度扭曲以产生情感效果,以唤起情绪或思想。)【5】【6】通常来说,表现主义风格的画作“描绘的不是客观现实,而是物体和事件在个人内心引发的主观情感和反应”,【7】也就是一种“心灵图景”。
超现实主义的特征则是“resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality(将梦与现实之间先前矛盾的条件解决为一种绝对现实,一种超现实)”【8】浅显来说,这种思潮强调自发的、自动的、潜意识的创作。而这种思想(或者说创作技巧)直接影响到了表现主义。在二战之后,画家们开始尝试拼贴、滴画、色域绘画、涂抹等等技法,这个艺术运动被称作“抽象表现主义”。
一幅“动作绘画(把画布作为舞台的理念)”的作品:《Boon》由 James Brooks创作(1957),藏于 Tate Gallery。James同时还是一位壁画家。这种“喷溅”或者说“晕染”的效果已经与“无终奇语”中的很多效果相似。
符号学是一个相当后现代的概念,但其早在古希腊(例如帕特农神庙、金字塔等等)甚至原始时代的岩壁绘画中就已经被不自觉地应用,这一点在荣格的思想中也有提及,他将集体无意识与“弗洛伊德所称的‘古老遗迹’联系起来——这些心理形式的存在无法用个体自身的生活来解释,似乎是原始的、天生的和遗传的人类心智的形态(what Freud called 'archaic remnants' – mental forms whose presence cannot be explained by anything in the individual's own life and which seem to be aboriginal, innate, and inherited shapes of the human mind)”。【11】
除此之外,你可能会在思考过度解读或者“设计师根本不是这么想的!”这样的话题。有关艺术评论与艺术创作,可以引用《极乐迪斯科》首席艺术家Kaspar Tamsalu在艺术设定集中写的一句话:“A good portion of art-making is accidental, but the artist still needs to claim the credit. It's about positioning yourself in a way that you can claim credit for as many seemingly accidental revelations as possible.(艺术创作的很大一部分是偶然的,但艺术家仍然需要归功于自己。这是一种方式自己的定位,以便能够尽可能多地为看似偶然的灵感邀功。)”这是一个相当幽默的回应。
【17】Gwilt, Joseph (1842). An Encyclopædia of Architecture: Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 680. An order in architecture is a certain assemblage of parts subject to uniform established proportions, regulated by the office that each part has to perform.
【18】"Volute". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Timothy Darvill. Oxford University Press, 2002.
【19】 Vitruvius. De architectura. p. 4.1. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
【20】The Seven Lamps of Architecture, Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture#cite_note-3. These directions are represented in graphic form in Cornelis J. Baljon, "Interpreting Ruskin: The Argument of The Seven Lamps of Architecture and The Stones of Venice", Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 55.4 (Autumn 1997:401–14) p. 402. Baljon's article is the most extensive review of the interplay of philosophy and empirical observation in The Seven Lamps of Architecture.
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