当时的文章虽然使用的是AI这个词,其具体涵盖的技术却跟今天大行其道的GPT,BERT等完全不是一回事。那时的人们还在精心定义可能的故事情节所组成的空间(故事域; story domain),研究如何随机在这个空间中采样的同时,保证采样得到的情节符合逻辑情理和人物设定、能够表达作者想要表达的内容、甚至还能促成一些连开发者都预料不到的精彩情节的产生。
在今年发表的一篇论文《对Transformer深度神经网络的创意写作能力的系统性评估(A Systematic Evaluation of the Creative Writing Skills of Transformer Deep Neural Networks)》[1] 中,作者Marco等人就这个问题进行了一次实验。
The Roommates tells the story of a group of college roommates who live together in a small apartment in Los Angeles, California. The film follows the lives of the roommates as they struggle to cope with the pressures of college life and the changes that come with it.
电影《室友》讲了关于一群大学室友的故事。这群大学室友一起住在加州洛杉矶的一个小公寓里。电影追踪了这些室友们在大学生活的压力面前随之而来的人生转变。
除此之外,作者们也指出机器生成的故事梗概的一些其他共同特征,比如它们通常比较套路化,使用诸如“这个电影讲了这样一个故事(The film tells the story…)”这样的模板式句子,而且平均长度比较一致,都是4-5个句子。语言模型生成的故事梗概有时会犯事实性的错误,比如下面这个例子:
English: An Autumn in London tells the story of a group of English students who are invited to spend a weekend at a country house in the English countryside. The film is set in the late 1920s and early 1930s, during the English Civil War. The main character is a young Englishman who has been sent to London to complete his education. He meets a young woman who is also studying in London and falls in love with her. However, she is engaged to be married to the son of a local aristocrat.
电影《英国:在伦敦的一个秋天》讲述了一群受邀在英国乡下一间别墅度过一个周末的英国学生的故事。故事发生在20世纪20年代晚期到30年代早期,也就是英国内战期间。主人公是一个到伦敦完成教育的年轻的英国人。他遇到了一个同样在伦敦学习的年轻女人并与对方坠入爱河。然后,对方其实已经跟一个当地的贵族儿子订婚了。
文中提到的英国内战实际上发生在17世纪,远远早于20世纪。
机器生成的文本有时会因为出乎意料的展开而带来戏剧性效果:
The film Beware Of Pickpockets tells the story of a group of pickpockets who are on the run from the police. The film is set in a small town in the south of France during the early 1970s. The main character is a pickpocket named Jean-Claude, who lives with his widowed mother, who works as a waitress in a restaurant, and his younger brother, Jean-Michel, who is a student at the local high school. The two brothers are in love with the same girl, Marie, but she is engaged to the son of a wealthy family, and the father does not approve of their relationship because he fears that he will lose his job if he marries her. Jean and Michel’s relationship is further complicated by the fact that Marie’s father is a member of the pickpocket gang, and he is also the leader of the gang.
电影《小心扒手》讲了一群正在警察追踪下逃亡的扒手的故事。故事发生在20世纪70年代法国南部的一个小镇。主人公是一个名叫简-克劳德的扒手。他跟他的在饭店当服务员的寡妇母亲住在一起。他的弟弟简-迈克尔是当地的一个高中生。两兄弟爱上了同一个女孩玛丽。但是玛丽已经与一个有钱人家的儿子订婚了。而且父亲并不同意他们的婚事,因为他害怕他会因为他们的婚姻而失去工作。简和迈克尔的关系还更复杂:因为玛丽的父亲其实也是扒手帮的成员和领导。
机器生成的文本有时也会自相矛盾,比如下面的例子:
Abby Sen is a young woman who lives with her widowed mother in a small town in the American Southwest. Abby’s father died when she was very young, and her mother has since remarried and has a daughter named Abby.
艾比·森是一个年轻女人,跟她的母亲一起住在美州西南部的一个小镇。艾比的父亲在她很小的时候就去世了。之后艾比的母亲再次结婚,并生下一个女儿叫做艾比。
> You're walking down the dark city streets while neon lights flash brightly above you. As you pass an alley you see a strange man hunched over something on the ground. He jumps up and down and points frantically, saying something you can't understand. His eyes are wild and they are locked right on you.
你沿着昏暗的城市街道一路走下去,霓虹灯在你头顶明亮地闪烁。正当你穿过一条小巷时,你看到一个奇怪的男人在地上的什么东西面前弯腰俯身。他像发神经一样上蹿下跳,指指点点地说着一些你听不懂的东西。他狂野的视线紧紧锁在你身上。
> You greeted him with Donald duck voice. 你用唐老鸭的声音跟他打了招呼
> You duck down and wave your hand in a "friendly" manner. The man stares at you and begins to laugh. He then hits your arm with the stick he is holding.
你躲开并“友好地”招手。这个男人盯着你看并开始大笑起来。然后他用他的手杖击打了一下你的手臂。
> (The elves) point down the street and tell you the name of the inn. You thank them and enter. When you walk in, you see that it is a small inn, but they serve good food and you can see a few elves enjoying a drink at a nearby table.
精灵们沿着这条街指过去并告诉了你旅馆的名字。你感谢了她们并进入了旅馆。当你进入的时候,你看到这是一个很小的旅馆,但是他们提供很棒的食物,你看到不少精灵在附近的桌子上享受饮品。)
> I step out of the inn.
我走出了旅馆
> Outside you notice a group of elves playing a game. They look like they are enjoying themselves. You wonder if you could join the game.
在外面你看到了一群精灵在玩一个游戏。她们看起来很享受。你在想你是不也能加入她们一起玩。
> I step back into the inn.
我又走回了旅馆里
> You walk up to the front desk. A man is standing there looking bored. "I was wondering when you would get here," he tells you.
旅馆的护卫举起了武器。你用剑杀死了前两个护卫。第三个护卫注意到了你的武器> I step out of the inn.
我走出了旅馆
> You are now outside. You notice several guards in the courtyard. They seem tense. They are all keeping an eye on some area behind you.
你现在在旅馆外面。你注意到庭院里有几个守卫。他们看起来很紧张。他们都盯着你后面的某个位置看。
> I steped back into the inn.
我又走回了旅馆里
>You walk up to the front desk. A man is standing there looking bored. "I was wondering when you would get here," he tells you.
你走向前台。一个男人看起来百无聊赖地站在那里。“我正想着你什么时候来呢。”
[3] Vaswani, Ashish, Noam, Shazeer, Niki, Parmar, Jakob, Uszkoreit, Llion, Jones, Aidan N., Gomez, Lukasz, Kaiser, and Illia, Polosukhin. "Attention Is All You Need." (2017).
[4] Brown T, Mann B, Ryder N, Subbiah M, Kaplan JD, Dhariwal P, Neelakantan A, Shyam P, Sastry G, Askell A, Agarwal S. Language models are few-shot learners. Advances in neural information processing systems. 2020;33:1877-901.
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