举例而言,日本音乐记者津田大介(Daisuke Tsuda),撰写了一篇关于《谁杀了音乐? 》(Darega Ongaku wo Koroshita Ka?)的文章,批判地提出 1997 年的唱片高销量应视为例外,在泡沫经济时期的音乐工业有其限度(extent),而近期的状况应被理解成有一定的基准定额( norm)(津田,2006: 83-88)。津田同时主张造成 CD 销量的递减可能是因为娱乐事业的多样化经营和休闲活动转向手机、网路、电视剧和 DVD,使得音乐的文化地位较之前相对减低。根据以上论述,津田发现在音乐商业策略中的两大问题:首先,在日本 CD 售价太过昂贵(3000 日元),经典的 DVD 现在售价约为 1000 日元,甚至最新的 DVD 要价也和 CD 相差不远。再者,当主流唱片公司销量减少时,那些没有被包含在日本唱片协会的独立音乐品牌反而持续成长。同时必须注意的是,由网路或手机发送服务的发展所引领的版权商业逐渐稳定扩张。简而言之,唱片工业以 CD 销量为主的作法,必须对于无法跟上结构性转变来负起责任(津田,2004)。
首先,聆听变得更为个人化。日本流行音乐的成功部分是因为 CD 传布的结果和卡拉 OK 文化。 CD 能在客厅或厨房透过简单的视听设备播送,在那裡可以和朋友或家人分享音乐。卡拉 OK 包厢明显地是一亲密的空间,可以一同唱歌和聆听。另外,电视也是另一播送音乐的重要设备。尽管 CD 或 MD 随身听在年轻人之间相当流行,但仍是家中既有 CD 播放器的主要代替品。
除了嘻哈活动之外,还有其他有趣的计画可以在更为主流的音乐领域中被看见。例如,乡村摇滚音乐人曽我部恵(Sokabe Kei’ichi)的计画提出了崭新的音乐方向,曾我部是 1990 年代中期日本流行乐团 Sunny Day Service 的成员之一,在 2000 年单飞成为独立歌手。就像 ECD 一样,曾我部离开主流唱片公司,并在 2003 年建立自己的独立品牌“Rose Record“。
曾我部的个案相当有趣,因为他试图制作的不仅是音乐,还有被音乐环绕的文化环境。在 2006 年,曾我部在下北泽(Shimokitazawa), 一个年轻人聚集的城镇,开了一家复合式地结合酒吧与贩卖 CD∕唱片的店,名为 city country city,或许可以说曾我部试图借由新的独立唱片,直接地和他的歌迷建立网络连结。
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J-pop: From the Ideology of Creativity to DiY music culture
Yoshitaka MŌRI*
ABSTRACT
The paper examines the development of J-pop under the post-Fordist condition and its ideological formation over the last two decades. J-pop, invented as a fashionable sub-genre by a FM radio station in the late 1980s, expanded its category throughout the 1990s and covers virtually all musical genres for young people in Japan. However, due to the lasting economic recession, the development of digital technology and the transformation of young people’s lifestyle, the record industry faced a serious crisis during the 2000s. The paper explores ideological formations between the success of J- pop and the emergence of freeters (young part-time workers) culture in Japan, by focusing on their nationalist sentiment and the idea of creativity, and tries to find a new way of reclaiming creativity in DiY (Do it Yourself) music culture today.
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