拉比拉巴(Rava)有言:义人只要称信,便可造出一个世界。
拉比拉巴曾造出过一个人偶*,他把他的造物送到拉比杰伊拉(Rav Zeira)跟前。拉比杰伊拉对着这造物说话,造物却不回答。于是拉比杰伊拉郎声念道:
汝乃吾同伴所造,汝当回归本元,化为尘土!
( "You were created by the sages; return to your dust")
每个安息日前夜(即犹太教的周五),拉比哈尼那和拉比欧沙亚会借《创造之书》得到一头三岁的牛犊。二人便宰之烹之,为安息日祝贺。
——《犹太公会》65b(Sanhedrin 65b)
*本段摘自种村季弘《怪物解剖学》,在Golem的wiki中也查到了这个故事,其中的说法是拉比拉巴创造了一个男人(gavra)
据说11世纪时,犹太诗人和哲学家所罗门·伊本·加比罗尔(Solomon ibn Gabirol)创造了一个女性的魔像(Golem),让她负责家务劳动。
而据说12世纪时,先知施派尔的萨穆埃尔(Samuel of Speyer)也曾创造过一个魔像(Golem)以陪伴自己的旅途,当然,这个魔像也无法开口说话。
▋▎16世纪-切尔姆的魔像(The Golem of Chelm)
16世纪时期,也有切尔姆的拉比以利亚( Rabbi Eliyahu of Chełm,1550–1583)创造魔像(Golem)的故事:
And I have heard, in a certain and explicit way, from several respectable persons that one man [living] close to our time, whose name is R. Eliyahu, the master of the name, who made a creature out of matter [Heb. Golem] and form [Heb. tzurah] and it performed hard work for him, for a long period, and the name of emet was hanging upon his neck until he finally removed it for a certain reason, the name from his neck and it turned to dust.
我从几位值得敬佩的人那里听说了这个十分确信的故事,就在我们这个时代左右,有个叫以利亚的人,他用物质(Golem)和形式(tzurah,在卡巴拉神秘学中,'tzurah'(צורה)与精神状态的描述有关,代表着一种特定的行为状态或表现形式)造了一个生物,它为他做了很长时间的繁重工作,‘真实”这一名字挂在它的脖子上,直到他最终因为某个原因将名字从它的脖子上取下来,它就变成了尘土。
来自波兰卡巴拉学者的记载(1630-1650)
哲学家兼犹太学者约瑟夫·德尔梅迪戈(Joseph Solomon Delmedigo,1591-1655)曾在他的著作《关于犹太神秘主义的论述》(De Praeternaturali utriusque mundi Historia, 或译为《论世界两个方面的超自然历史》)中提到了多个魔像(Golem)的故事。
他表示,“这类传说很多,尤其是在德国。”
▋▎16世纪中叶-海乌姆的伊莱贾(Elijah Ba‘al Shem of Chelm)
16世纪中叶,海乌姆的伊莱贾(Elijah Ba'h Shem of Chelm)第一次以神之名(nomen proprium)的字母组合为基础造出了魔像(Golem)。
As an aside, I'll mention here what I heard from my father's holy mouth regarding the Golem created by his ancestor, the Gaon R. Eliyahu Ba'al Shem of blessed memory.
When the Gaon saw that the Golem was growing larger and larger, he feared that the Golem would destroy the universe. He then removed the Holy Name that was embedded on his forehead, thus causing him to disintegrate and return to dust. Nonetheless, while he was engaged in extracting the Holy Name from him, the Golem injured him, scarring him on the face.
顺便说一句,我想在这里提一下我从父亲口中听到的关于他的祖先,受祝福的记忆中的高人R. Eliyahu Ba'al Shem所创造的魔像的事情(“Goan”在犹太教中是对某些杰出的拉比的尊称,特别是在中世纪和早期现代时期。)。
当高人看到魔像越来越大时,他担心魔像会毁灭宇宙。于是,他取下了嵌入魔像额头上的圣名,导致魔像解体并还原为尘土。然而,在他忙于从魔像身上取出圣名的过程中,魔像伤害了他,给他的脸上留下了疤痕。
➤ wiki:Golem|Talmud|Mishnah|Rava (amora)|Zeira|Eleazar of Worms|Shem HaMephorash|Rabbi|Old New Synagogue|Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chełm|Jacob Emden|The Emperor and the Golem|Solomon ibn Gabirol|Samuel of Speyer|Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
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