格兰维尔描述的设计过程几乎可以等同于安德鲁·皮克林意义上的控制论模式——「一种与世界述行式接触(performative engagement)」。即当面对一个充满黑箱的不可知世界时,不首先用预设的认识框架(知识或语言)描绘出一个世界的表征,而是置身事内的与世界会话,对这个世界做点什么,然后看它怎么回应。皮克林将其称之为「能动性之舞」(dance of agency)。皮克林对此的论述可见:本体论戏剧、另一个未来的草图。
我可能会冒犯在座各位,因为有三个不同的兴趣小组、理解水平和理解领域等等,你会在某些时候对每个人都弄错一些东西。我还可能会冒犯你们的地方在于,我认为事情应该尽可能简单地表达出来。 在伦敦的设计博物馆里——在老建筑里,而不是新建筑里——他们在墙上写了意大利设计师布鲁诺·穆纳里(Bruno Munari)的一句话:「设计是简化,而不是复杂化」(Design is simplifying, not complicating)。我认为,当我们面对复杂的世界时,基本上有两种方法。我那让人惊叹的教授戈登·帕斯克(Gordon Pask)有一种方法,那就是抓住一切,不断地狼吞虎咽,收集一切,然后他会说已经得到了一切。戈登和我相处得很好的原因之一是,我们的风格迥异,无法真正理解对方。因此我的做法是尽量简化,当没有什么可说的时候,我才会真正感到高兴,这也是我做所有事情的一种方式。因此,我可能会显得过于简化。 这是有意为之的,也可能是冒犯性的。
好了,预热足够了。现在有两个词语,控制论和系统。如果你属于系统团体或是控制论团体,你去参加世界上两方的会议,会发现它们经常是非常对立的。在过去的六年里,我一直与美国控制论学会(American Society for Cybernetics)和国际系统科学学会(International Society for the Systems Sciences)都保持着友好关系。 我们曾经感到彼此的巨大威胁。我们曾认为,彼此都在试图接管对方,而这种表现毫无必要。这是一种幼稚的行为。因此,我想简要地审视这两个词,并试图找出这两个词的重要之处。
因此,控制论的基础是两件非常令人惊讶的事情。首先,控制论以错误为基础(it’s based on error)。控制论认为「我们承认错误是普遍存在的。总会有错误。」问题不在于根除错误,而在于我们如何管理错误,如何与错误共存? 因为总会有错误的(Glanville,2007年,第1181页)。当然,与错误共存的好办法之一就是化错误为机遇。控制论的另一个特点是它的响应性(The other thing about cybernetics is that it’s responsive.)。控制论做的并不是启动,而是对我们所处的环境做出反应。所以,我行驶在这条路径上时,当我发现自己不再朝向本应指向的地方,因为有一阵风或者海里发生了一些有趣的事情或其他什么,我就必须调整。我对情况的变化做出反应,然后进行调整,继续前进。
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