一般而言,在NP完备空间中,推理过程是琐碎的。比方说,为了解决这些问题,人们已经付出了极大的努力,如尽量选择计算起来简便的评估函数和多项式以引导搜索。有点傻得可爱的是,人们一直希望”智能“会从这些简单的数值计算中,神奇地自行涌现出来。[28]是最早出现的这种期望之一,后来被证明只是部分正确的(他的学习多项式(learned polynomials)后来发现其实只是由块计数(dominated by piece count),但经典人工智能几乎所有的搜索实例都依赖这样对多项式进行审慎选择,来压缩搜索空间。
关于这个话题的另一种看法是:对于大多数AI程序而言,开发者都可以用某种表示性语言告诉程序一些事实。很可能有一天,走廊里那些幻想出来的白帽家伙(the vision guys in the white hats down the corridor,这句我始终弄不明白)也会用这种表示将世界模型化。基于物理的系统同样会因为风险提高、感知失误而犯上“解谜病”而失败。普通的AI程序并没有被迫面对这些问题。
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[2] Colin M. Angle, Genghis, a six legged autonomous walking robot, MIT S.B. Thesis in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (March 1989).
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[8] Rodney A. Brooks, A robot that walks: Emergent behavior form a carefully evolved network, Neural Computation, 1(2)(Summer 1989) 253-262.
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[9] Rodney A. Brooks and Jonathan H. Connell, Asynchronous distributed control system for a mobile robot, SPIE Vol. 727 Mobile Robots, Cambridge, MA (November 1986) 77-84.
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[11] Rodney A. Brooks, Anita M. Flynn, and Thomas Marill, Self calibration of motion and stereo for mobile robot navigation, MIT AI Memo 984 (August 1987).
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[12] Rodney A. Brooks, Jonathan H. Connell, and Peter Ning, Herbert: A second generation mobile robot, MIT AI Memo 1016 (January 1988).
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[15] Jonathan H. Connell, A behavior-based arm controller, MIT AI Memo 1025 (June 1988).
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[16] Jonathan H. Connell, A colony architecture for an artificial creature, MIT Ph.D. Thesis in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT AI Lab Tech Report 1151 (June 1989).
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[18] Anita M. Flynn, Gnat robots (and how they will change robotics), IEEE Micro Robots and Teleoperators Workshop, Hyannis, MA (November 1987).
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[19] Anita M. Flynn, Gnat robots: A low-intelligence, low-cost approach, IEEE Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, Hilton Head, SC (June 1988).
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[20] Anita M. Flynn, Rodney A. Brooks and Lee S. Tavrow, Twilight zones and cornerstones: A gnat robot double feature, MIT AI Memo 1126 (July 1989).
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[21] Anita M. Flynn, Rodney A. Brooks, William M. Wells and David S. Barrett, The world's largest one cubic inch robot, Proceedings IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Salt Lake City, Utah (February 1989) 98-101.
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[22] Ian D. Horswill and Rodney A. Brooks, Situated vision in a dynamic world: Chasing objects, AAAI-88, St Paul, MN(August 1988) 796-800.
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[23] Pattie Maes, The dynamics of action selection, ICAI-89, Detroit, MI (1989) 991-997.
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[24] Maja J. Mataric, Qualitative sonar based environment learning for mobile robots, SPIE Mobile Robots, Philadelphia, PA (November 1989).
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[25] Maja J. Mataric, A model for distributed mobile robot environment learning and navigation, MIT M.S. Thesis in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (January 1990).
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[26] Hans P. Moravec, Locomotion, vision and intelligence, Robotics Research 1, Brady and Paul (eds) (MIT Press 1984)215-224.
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[27] Zenon W. Pylyshyn (ed), The Robot's Dilemma, (Ablex Publishing, Norwood, NJ, 1987).
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[28] Arthur L. Samuel, Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers, IBM. J. Res. Development 3(3)(1959).
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[29] Karen B. Sarachik, Characterising an indoor environment with a mobile robot and uncalibrated stereo, Proceedings IEEE Robotics and Automation, Scottsdale, AZ (May 1989)984-989.
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[30] Herbert A. Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1969).
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[32] A.L. Yarbus, Eye Movements and Vision (Plenum Press 1967)
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