而近年来,严肃游戏[6](Serious Game)作为一种全新的康复治疗技术开始被应用在包括教育[7,8]、行为干预[9,10]、认知干预[11,12]、动作学习干预[13,14]以及运动干预[15,16]等多个领域,并取得了一定的疗效证据。而已经有研究开始将严肃游戏应用在DCD患者的综合干预治疗过程中,尝试以这一方式增强DCD患儿在动作学习和康复治疗中的依从性和疗效[17-19]。本文将整理近年来严肃游戏干预DCD的相关文献报道,并为严肃游戏的进一步临床应用以及未来的研究提供参考。
DCD患儿所面临的动作障碍是多层面的:一方面是动作本身发育的迟滞以及不协调;另一方面则是完成相关工作或学习目标的能力受限。因此在一般的DCD治疗设计上,往往会结合以过程为导向(运动训练)和以任务为导向(作业训练)两个治疗内容。感觉统合训练[4,20]与神经肌肉控制训练[5]是以过程为导向的治疗方法的代表,其主要目的是通过运动练习改善患儿对包括本体感觉、视觉、皮肤觉、前庭觉等各种感觉刺激的反馈、并增强复合感觉的处理能力以帮助动作的学习与控制[21]。但是其疗效目前存在一定的争议[20,22]。这类训练只能关注到患儿的动作能力本身,无法进一步影响日常生活学习所需的实际作业能力,往往需要结合其他干预措施以获得相对良好的效果。
严肃游戏作为动作学习能力的干预方式已被广泛应用于脑性瘫痪[15]、脑卒中后遗症[14]、感觉统合失调[26]等疾病的康复治疗中,并且已经在DCD患儿的动作障碍干预中开始应用[4,27]。严肃游戏在干预DCD的过程中能够基于虚拟现实(Virtual Reality, VR)技术或传统的可视化界面为患儿提供一个独特的治疗环境。相比于传统的干预方式,严肃游戏能够增加患儿对治疗参与以及重复练习的依从性,并能够通过实时交互的方式学习更复杂和有挑战性的功能动作,这是依靠口头指令与动作辅助的一般干预措施所无法完成的[19]。因此,越来越多的文献证据[19,28]开始支持严肃游戏在DCD患儿治疗过程中的疗效。
在严肃游戏干预DCD的研究结果中,绝大部分[17-19,28,30,31]的干预效果都表现积极,只有少数研究[35,36]认为严肃游戏干预相比于传统治疗而言不存在显著优势。而严肃游戏对于DCD干预的影响是多方面的:
在2018年,继续对严肃游戏展开研究的Bonney等人[38]设计了另一项针对青春期的DCD患者采用体感游戏干预的前瞻性研究。实验纳入了16名患有DCD的女孩,这些受试者在儿童动作成套评估工具-第二版(Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2nd Edition, MABC-2)的测试中得分均小于等于16。她们随后进行了14周,每周45分钟的动作体感游戏(Active Video Games, AVG)的训练干预。其结果显示,相比于基线水平,参与严肃游戏干预后的DCD患儿在肌力冲刺测验(Muscle Power Sprint Test, MPST)、六分钟步行距离的表现得到了显著增强,提示中短期的严肃游戏训练足以对DCD患者肌肉的耐力力量产生显著的积极影响。
实际上,大量与严肃游戏相关的研究[37,39,40]都会指出参与严肃游戏干预的DCD患儿在治疗的完成度上表现良好,有92%-100%的患儿均成功坚持完成了所有治疗内容。而还有数个研究[27,30,38]通过5点乐趣量表的方法测量了DCD患儿对治疗过程的快乐程度变化,而相比于传统干预措施而言,严肃游戏毫无疑问获得了全方位的压倒性优势。
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